mathematical

The satellite and receiver generate same carrier signal at the same time. Receiver compares (delayed) satellite carrier to receiver’s carrier.

Where Final portion of a wavelength = measured at receiver (phase shift)

# full wavelengths = “Integer Ambiguity”

This solution requires multiple observations. The Signal interruption (cycle slip) must re-solve integer ambiguity

Phase shift precision over this technique is about 1% of wavelength.

Distance = #full wavelengths + final portion of a wavelength

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